Roscosmos

Roscosmos (State Space Corporation for Space Activities, Государственная корпорация по космической деятельности «Роскосмос»), restructured as a state corporation in 2015 under Director General Yuri Borisov (since 2022, succeeding Dmitry Rogozin), is Russia's government space corporation responsible for civilian and dual-use space programs, launch services, and Russia's space industrial complex — overseeing a workforce of approximately 160,000 people across dozens of enterprises including rocket manufacturers, satellite builders, and propulsion companies.

Roscosmos' Soyuz rocket family is one of the most flown launch vehicles in history with over 1,900 launches since 1966. Soyuz crewed capsules have transported cosmonauts and international crew to the ISS since 2000, providing the sole crew transportation service to the station from 2011-2020 during the US Commercial Crew development gap. The Soyuz-2 family (medium lift) remains Russia's primary satellite launch vehicle. Proton-M (heavy lift, five-stage, Angara family successor) has launched GEO communications satellites, planetary missions, and heavy ISS modules including the Nauka laboratory module.

Angara is Russia's next-generation launch vehicle family: Angara-1.2 (light) and Angara-A5 (heavy, 24 t LEO) use a modular Universal Rocket Module architecture that eliminates toxic UDMH/N2O4 propellants in favor of LOX/kerosene. Angara-A5's development has been prolonged, with limited flights through 2024. The Vostochny Cosmodrome (Amur Region, completed 2016) is Russia's new domestic launch site reducing dependence on Baikonur Cosmodrome (leased from Kazakhstan).

Russia's invasion of Ukraine in 2022 severely disrupted Roscosmos: international commercial launch contracts cancelled, OneWeb launch halted, ESA's ExoMars Rosalind Franklin rover development paused (rover's carrier spacecraft was Russian Kazachok lander), and ESA's removal of Russian cooperation from multiple programs. Russia also withdrew from the ISS program partnership beyond 2024, though actual ISS cooperation continued. Roscosmos announced a Russian national space station (ROSS) to be built after ISS operational end.